There are many varieties of coffee trees, but the cultivated varieties used for drinking mainly fall into three types: Arabica (small-bean species), Robusta (medium-bean species), and Liberica (large-bean species). They differ in plant morphology, fruit size, flavor profile, growing conditions, and commercial value. This article will systematically sort out the differences among these three types of coffee beans from the perspectives of botanical classification, appearance characteristics, flavor traits, and origin distribution, and will also answer the question of which species Yunnan small-bean coffee belongs to, helping coffee enthusiasts gain a clearer understanding of the source of the coffee they drink every day. [more…]

The coffee world is vast and complex. Under botanical classification alone, there are more than a hundred species, yet the cultivated varieties actually used for drinking mainly fall into three major categories: Arabica (small-bean), Robusta (medium-bean), and Liberica (large-bean). Each possesses unique botanical characteristics, growing conditions, and flavor profiles, and their yields and commercial value differ greatly. Yunnan, as China's representative coffee-producing region, grows coffee that belongs to which category? Why is it called "Yunnan small-bean coffee"? This article will systematically outline the key distinctions among the three major coffee varieties, provide an in-depth answer to the varietal classification of Yunnan small-bean coffee, and also present Front Street Coffee's Yunnan Typica and espresso blend recommendations. [more…]

As summer 2023 approaches, Starbucks China has rolled out a dense lineup of new products, spanning iced shaken espressos, fruity sparkling cold brews, and the raw coffee series that contains no coffee yet does contain caffeine. This article provides a complete rundown of these new items' prices, sizes, and flavor characteristics, while also compiling the menus and pricing from medium to large for classic series such as handcrafted espresso, Frappuccino, Teavana, and cold brew, making it easy for coffee lovers to look things up quickly. For readers who prefer brewing at home, they can also refer to Front Street Coffee's bean recommendations to recreate similar flavors themselves. [more…]

Starbucks' pricing differences around the world have always been a topic of interest for coffee lovers. According to a 2019 Finder survey of 76 countries and regions, a medium latte in Denmark costs as much as $6.05, while in Istanbul, Turkey, it costs only $1.78—nearly a fourfold difference. Europe has the highest average price, with Asia close behind. In addition to the global comparison, the article also compiles the latest drink price list for Starbucks in China and analyzes the multiple price adjustments in both China and the United States in recent years caused by the pandemic and rising raw material costs. To learn where Starbucks is cheapest, whether its prices are on the high side, and the specific prices of classic drinks, see the detailed data below. [more…]

Liberica, a coffee variety known as "large bean," originated in Liberia, Africa. Its beans are large but extremely low in caffeine, with a flavor profile dominated by smoky, earthy, and woody notes, even described as "liquid tobacco." It was not favored by the commercial market, yet found its widest cultivation ground in the Philippines. Why did the Philippines become the largest producing country of Liberica? This is inseparable from the rise and fall of the country's coffee industry: from the introduction of Arabica in 1740, to the leaf rust disease at the end of the 19th century that caused production to plummet by 80%, to the government's introduction of disease-resistant varieties and implementation of a five-year revival plan in the 1950s, the demand from instant coffee factories ultimately allowed Liberica to gain a foothold. This article will trace this history and explore whether Liberica also has the potential to move toward specialty coffee. [more…]

Among the three major coffee varieties, Arabica and Robusta dominate the mainstream trading market, while the large-beaned Liberica accounts for only about 1% of global economically cultivated coffee production, making it quite rare. This time, Front Street Coffee (FrontStreet Coffee) will introduce Liberica: its plant morphology, fruit characteristics, disease-resistant advantages, and why it is more labor-intensive in post-processing. The article will also sort through its semi-wild cultivation history in Borneo, as well as its appearance and award-winning experience at the 2018 Stuttgart Coffee Summit in Germany. Finally, it will include Front Street's sun-dried Liberica hand-brewing parameters and flavor description to help you fully understand this niche coffee variety. [more…]

What exactly is the coffee bean grading system based on? Does bean size directly determine flavor intensity? To answer these questions, Front Street Coffee specially selected Costa Rican Mozart beans for a cupping comparison experiment, sorting the same batch of beans into large, medium, and small sizes, then taking the largest and smallest two beans for a blind extraction test. The results showed that the two did indeed differ slightly in flavor, but the direction was unexpected—the small beans actually had a more prominent flavor than the large beans. However, this difference mainly came from the degree of roasting deviation caused by different particle sizes, rather than the bean size itself. What truly determines coffee flavor is genetics, growing environment, processing method, and roasting degree. This article will combine experimental data with industry theory to systematically sort out the logic of coffee bean grading and the real factors affecting flavor. [more…]

Today, when Arabica and Robusta absolutely dominate global coffee supply, a species once forgotten for its poor flavor—Liberica (Coffea liberica)—is re-entering researchers' view. From 2021 to 2022, climate change-induced droughts tightened coffee inventories and sent prices soaring, with Arabica prices doubling in a short period. Facing the crisis of shrinking arable ranges, academia proposed three paths: relocating production areas, adjusting cultivation methods, and developing new crops. In December 2022, Nature Plants pointed out that Liberica might regain attention in an era of supply chain disruptions. One of its natural varieties, Excelsa, combines disease resistance, drought tolerance, low-temperature tolerance, and a flavor close to Arabica, and is being widely planted by coffee farmers in places such as Uganda. Front Street Coffee takes you through the full picture of this potential variety. [more…]

Liberica coffee is one of the three major commercial coffee species, standing alongside Arabica and Robusta, yet it accounts for only 2% of global consumption. This coffee tree is tall with large cherries, and its flavor is dominated by woody and smoky notes, with the lowest caffeine content among the three. It originated in Liberia, Africa, and was only cultivated artificially in the 19th century; due to the difficulty of harvesting, it has never been widely promoted. After the coffee rust outbreak in 1890, the Philippines took the lead in large-scale cultivation of Liberica, and today the Philippines remains the world's largest producer. This article will give you a comprehensive understanding of Liberica's flavor characteristics, cultivation history, and producing regions, along with product recommendations from Front Street Coffee. [more…]

Coffee enthusiasts often ask: where in the world is coffee grown? This article systematically reviews coffee cultivation in major producing regions such as South America, Central America, the West Indies, Africa, Southeast Asia, and Hawaii, covering more than twenty countries and regions including Brazil, Colombia, Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, Cuba, Jamaica, Kenya, Ethiopia, Yemen, and Indonesia. From production scale to flavor characteristics, from grade classification to optimal roast level, it explains in detail the unique qualities of coffee from each place. Whether you are a beginner or a seasoned enthusiast, this producing-region guide can help you more clearly understand the diversity of the coffee world. Front Street Coffee has also compiled representative bean varieties from each producing region for you, making it easy to compare and choose. [more…]

Pacamara is a hybrid variety born in 1958 at the Salvadoran Coffee Research Institute, created by crossing the Bourbon variant Pacas with the Typica variant Maragogipe (Elephant Bean). It inherited the large-bean genes of the Elephant Bean, but because its beans were too large, green bean processing became difficult and yields were low, leaving it dormant for nearly half a century. It was not until 2007 that Pacamara won dual championships at the Cup of Excellence in Guatemala and Honduras, and swept the top three places in El Salvador, defeating many Geisha coffees in one stroke, and has since been hailed as the "Geisha rival." This article will guide you through Pacamara's complex lineage, processing challenges, and how it rose to the specialty coffee stage with its rich and varied flavors. [more…]

Just as every industry has its own jargon, the world of coffee is likewise filled with a large number of specialized terms. While these terms make communication easier for industry insiders, they also inadvertently create barriers for those who are just getting into coffee—if you do not understand what they mean, it is often difficult to follow a conversation, let alone fit into the coffee community. Therefore, Front Street Coffee has specially put together this installment of terminology explanations, covering the origins of the alternative names of the three major coffee bean varieties, the meanings of common English abbreviations, and core vocabulary for describing coffee taste such as body. Whether you are a complete beginner or an enthusiast looking to fill in gaps in your knowledge, you can gain practical knowledge from it and make communication much smoother and more effortless. [more…]

For professional coffee knowledge exchange and more coffee bean sharing, please follow Front Street Coffee (FrontStreet Coffee). In plant taxonomy, coffee belongs to the Rubiaceae family, under which there are at least over a hundred coffee species, with about eighty confirmed varieties of coffee trees, among which those used for drinking coffee [more…]

In recent years, more and more people have chosen to buy whole coffee beans and make freshly ground coffee at home, and the coffee market has continued to expand. However, a recent recall notice issued by Costco in Taiwan drew widespread attention—some organic Sumatra coffee beans were urgently recalled because the packaging seals were incomplete. Some consumers reported finding large holes in the bags or incomplete seals during inspection. It is worth pondering that this problem may not be a simple sealing defect, but may be related to the design of the one-way degassing valve on the bag. After roasting, coffee beans release a large amount of carbon dioxide. If the degassing valve does not function properly, the pressure inside the bag becomes too high and pushes the seal open. In that case, will the coffee beans spoil? And how should beans be properly stored when stockpiling them in daily life? This article will answer these questions one by one. [more…]

Although El Salvador is a small country, it occupies an important position on the coffee map of Central America. Here, there is both the delicate acidity and sweet balance nurtured by volcanic fertile soil, as well as a tumultuous history of dye substitution, land reform, and the ravages of leaf rust. Front Street Coffee has long been deeply involved in estates across multiple producing regions in El Salvador, accumulating a large number of flavor samples through roasting and cupping. This article begins with the coffee story of El Salvador, sorting out its growing conditions, the characteristics of nine major producing regions, and the main varieties (Typica, Bourbon, Pacas, Pacamara), and includes Front Street's roasting and brewing approach for the Santa Ana Chocolate Lover, taking you through a comprehensive understanding of the coffee charm of this "Volcano Country." [more…]

Faced with the dazzling array of imported coffee beans on the market, many enthusiasts often don't know where to start. This article systematically sorts out the representative bean varieties and their flavor characteristics from the world's major coffee-producing regions, covering Central and South America, Africa, Asia, and the Caribbean, including the grade classifications and quality characteristics of countries such as Brazil, Colombia, Guatemala, Kenya, Ethiopia, and Indonesia. Whether you are a beginner just starting out or a seasoned veteran, this origin guide can provide practical reference for your purchasing decisions. Front Street Coffee will also offer recommendations in this article for friends with different taste preferences. [more…]

I. Brazil (South America) Since 1960, Brazil has consistently ranked first in the world in coffee cultivation, with an average annual output of 24.6 million bags (each bag weighing 60 kilograms). According to a November 2002 report by the United States Department of Agriculture, Brazil's actual coffee output in 2002 should have been 51.6 million bags. Brazil is the world's most [more…]

What exactly is the variety of Yunnan small-bean coffee? Where is its place of origin? And what is its connection to Nestlé? Front Street Coffee takes you through this century-spanning industrial history. Starting from the small-bean species within the Arabica family, we trace the first plantings by French missionaries in Zhukula Village, then the large-scale promotion of Typica and Bourbon after the founding of the People's Republic, and the industry's stagnation caused by the deterioration of Sino-Soviet relations in the 1960s and 1970s. It was not until the 1980s, when Nestlé entered Yunnan due to the leaf rust crisis, introduced Catimor 7963, and established its Coffee Agriculture Department, that the variety structure of Yunnan small-bean coffee underwent a fundamental transformation. This article fully preserves the key timelines and facts to help coffee enthusiasts clarify the past and present of Yunnan small-bean coffee. [more…]

Colombia, as the world's second-largest coffee-producing country and the largest exporter of washed Arabica beans, is renowned for its silky, balanced flavor, and its coffee is hailed as "green gold." This article will systematically examine the bean size characteristics and differences of Colombian Arabica coffee beans from the perspectives of botanical features, aroma performance, major varieties, cultivation conditions, and washed grading. At the same time, it will also mention Front Street Coffee's selection recommendations for Colombian beans, helping coffee enthusiasts gain a more comprehensive understanding of the appeal of this classic origin. [more…]

Altitude is one of the natural factors that determines coffee quality. Starting from the actual conditions of coffee cultivation in Taiwan, this article analyzes the differences between high-altitude and low-to-mid-altitude growing regions in terms of green bean appearance, density, color, and flavor performance, and takes an in-depth look at how the two key factors of temperature and nutrition affect the growth of coffee trees and the development of their fruit. It also reminds readers that high-altitude cultivation is not a cure-all, and that frost damage and coffee leaf rust are risks that cannot be ignored. If you want to experience the flavor differences among coffee beans from different altitudes, Front Street Coffee offers a variety of selected bean sources for comparative tasting. [more…]